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History
of the Canadian National Anthem
National
Anthem: O Canada
Official
Lyrics of O Canada!
O
Canada!
Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With
glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From
far and wide,
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
God
keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O
Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
The
History of the National Anthem
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Summary |
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"O Canada" was proclaimed Canada's national anthem on July 1, 1980,
100 years after it was first sung on June 24, 1880. The music was composed by
Calixa Lavallée, a well-known composer; French lyrics to accompany the music
were written by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The song gained steadily in
popularity. Many English versions have appeared over the years. The version on
which the official English lyrics are based was written in 1908 by Mr. Justice
Robert Stanley Weir. The official English version includes changes recommended
in 1968 by a Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons. The
French lyrics remain unaltered.
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Full History of "O Canada"
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Many people think of Calixa Lavallée as an obscure music teacher who dashed off
a patriotic song in a moment of inspiration. The truth is quite different.
Lavallée was, in fact, known as "Canada's national musician" and it
was on this account that he was asked to compose the music for a poem written by
Judge Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The occasion was the "Congrès national des
Canadiens-Français" in1880, which was being held at the same time as the
St. Jean-Baptiste Day celebrations.
There had been some thought of holding a competition for a national hymn to have
its first performance on St. Jean-Baptiste Day, June 24, but by January the
committee in charge decided there was not enough time, so the Lieutenant
Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, commissioned Judge
Routhier to write a hymn and Lavallée to compose the tune. Lavallée made a
number of drafts before the tune we know was greeted with enthusiasm by his
musical friends. It is said that in the excitement of success Lavallée rushed
to show his music to the Lieutenant Governor without even stopping to sign the
manuscript.
The first performance took place on June 24, 1880 at a banquet in the "Pavillon
des Patineurs" in Quebec City as the climax of a"Mosaïque sur des
airs populaires canadiens " arranged by Joseph Vézina, a prominent
composer and bandmaster.
Although this first performance of "O Canada" with Routhier's French
words was well received on the evening, it does not seem to have made a lasting
impression at that time. Arthur Lavigne, a Quebec musician and music dealer,
published it without copyright but there was no rush to reprint. Lavallée's
obit in 1891 doesn't mention it among his accomplishments, nor does a biography
of Judge Routhier published in 1898. French Canada is represented in the 1887
edition of the University of Toronto song book by "Vive la canadienne",
"A la claire fontaine" and "Un canadien errant".
English Canada in general probably first heard "O Canada" when school
children sang it when the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall (later King George V and
Queen Mary) toured Canada in 1901. Five years later Whaley and Royce in Toronto
published the music with the French text and a translation into English made by
Dr. Thomas Bedford Richardson, a Toronto doctor. The Mendelssohn Choir used the
Richardson lyrics in one of their performances about this time and Judge
Routhier and the French press complimented the author.
Richardson
version:
"
O Canada! Our fathers' land of old
Thy brow is crown'd with leaves of red and gold.
Beneath the shade of the Holy Cross
Thy children own their birth
No stains thy glorious annals gloss
Since valour shield thy hearth.
Almighty God! On thee we call
Defend our rights, forfend this nation's thrall,
Defend our rights, forfend this nation's thrall."
In 1908 Collier's Weekly inaugurated its Canadian edition with a competition for
an English text to Lavallée's music. It was won by Mercy E. Powell McCulloch,
but her version did not take.
McCulloch
version :
"
O Canada! in praise of thee we sing;
From echoing hills our anthems proudly ring.
With fertile plains and mountains grand
With lakes and rivers clear,
Eternal beauty, thos dost stand
Throughout the changing year.
Lord God of Hosts! We now implore
Bless our dear land this day and evermore,
Bless our dear land this day and evermore."
Since then many English versions have been written for "O Canada".
Poet Wilfred Campbell wrote one. So did Augustus Bridle, Toronto critic. Some
were written for the 1908 tercentenary of Quebec City. One version became
popular in British Columbia.
Buchan
version:
"
O Canada, our heritage, our love
Thy worth we praise all other lands above.
From sea to see throughout their length
From Pole to borderland,
At Britain's side, whate'er betide
Unflinchingly we'll stand
With hearts we sing, "God save the King",
Guide then one Empire wide, do we implore,
And prosper Canada from shore to shore."
However the version that gained the widest currency was made in 1908 by Robert
Stanley Weir, a lawyer and at the time Recorder of the City of Montréal. A
slightly modified version of the 1908 poem was published in an official form for
the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927, and has since been generally
accepted in English speaking Canada. Following further minor amendments, the
first verse of Weir's poem was proclaimed as Canada's national anthem in 1980.
The version adopted pursuant to the National Anthem Act in 1980 reads as
follows:
"O
Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North, strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free !
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee."
Many musicians have made arrangements of "O Canada" but there appears
to be a scarcity of recordings suitable for various purposes.
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Calixa Lavallée |
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Calixa Lavallée was a "canadien errant", a man who left his country
for greener fields, but who nevertheless loved Canada and returned to it,
returned with a reputation well earned in the United States and France to become
the "national musician" of Canada. He was, in his time, a composer
operettas, at least one symphony, various occasional pieces and songs; he was a
pianist and organist of considerable note and he was a teacher who wanted to
found the first Canadian Conservatory.
The famous Canadian choral conductor Augustus Stephen Volt said of him: "I
became acquainted with Lavallée in the 80's of the last century, when I was in
Boston as a student of music, and he impressed me as a man of extraordinary
ability - not merely as a clever executant of the piano, and not merely as an
adroit deviser of pretty melodies and sensuous harmonies, but as a genuinely
creative artist, a pure musical genius".
Calixa Lavallée was born in Verchères , Canada East, on December 28, 1842, the
son of Augustin Lavallée, a woodcutter and blacksmith, who became an instrument
repairman, bandleader and music teacher. Later when the family moved to St-Hyacinthe,
the father worked for the famous organ-builder Joseph Casavant and led the
townband. Calixa showed talent early and played the organ in the cathedral at
the age of eleven. Two years later he gave a piano recital at the Théâtre
Royal in Montréal.
In Montréal Lavallée met Lé on Derome, a butcher who loved music. He became
Lavallée's lifelong patron and friend, often coming to his aid in bad times.
About
this time, Calixa tired of regular lessons and left Montréal to try his luck in
the United States. In New Orleans, he won a competition which in turn won him a
job as accompanist to the famous Spanish violinist Olivera. After touring with
Olivera in Brazil and the West Indies, Lavallée joined the Northern army during
the American Civil War.
Leaving
the U.S. army as a lieutenant, Lavallée returned to Montréal where he gave
piano lessons and played cornet in a theatre orchestra.
In 1865 he returned to the United States to teach and give a series of concert
tours. He married and began to work with Arnold de Thiers, with whom he composed
a comic opera called "Loulou". The night before its first performance,
the owner of the opera house was shot and the theatre closed. Lavallée, who had
been conductor and artistic director of the theatre, the New York Grand Opera
House, found himself out of a job.
He returned to Montréal in 1872 to a warm welcome from his friends, and had
soon set up a studio with Jehin Prume and Rositadel Vecchio, well-known
musicians. Success in Montréal brought him the fulfillment of a lifelong dream,
to continue his musical education in Paris. A group of friends led by Derome
made him a monthly allowance while he studied with Bazin, Boieldieu and
Marmontel. A Lavallée symphony was performed by a Paris orchestra in 1874 and
his teachers predicted a great future for him.
Lavallée
decided to devote his life to the establishment of a conservatory in Canada. To
prove that talent existed, he mounted a Gounod drama with an all-Canadian cast
of 80. The venture was a great success and Lavallée had high hopes of
interesting the government in his idea. But although the public responded warmly
to his productions, official quarters gave nothing but vague promises.
It was during this Quebec period, in 1880 that Lavallée composed the music of
"O Canada" for the "Congrès national des Canadiens-Français".
But he could see nothing ahead but routine teaching and playing, so once again
he took off for the United States.
Things took a turn for the better. He was appointed an organist and choirmaster;
he toured with the famous Hungarian soprano Etelka Gerster; he increased his
composing; many of his works were performed including "Tiq", a
"melodramatic musical satire"on the Indian question and his comic
opera "The Widow". As a member of the Music Teachers' National
Association, he organized a number of very successful concerts, and finally, in
1887, was elected president.
In 1888 Lavallée represented the professional musicians of America in London
and introduced American compositions in London where the Lord Mayor gave a
dinner in his honour.
Lavallée's
health had been poor for some years and after his return to Boston became much
worse. By the autumn of 1890 he was bedridden and in financial straits. He died
on January 21, 1891,at the age of 49, leaving some 60 works, only about half of
which have been found.
Lavallée was buried near Boston but his body was brought back to Canada in 1933
and now rests in Montréal Cemetery Côte-des-Neiges.
Sir
Adolphe-Basile Routhier
Adolphe-Basile Routhier was born in May 8, 1839 in Saint-Placide (Lower Canada).
He studied at the University of Laval, and was a distinguished lawyer in
Kamouraska.
He
was appointed judge of the Quebec Superior Court in 1873, and later became Chief
Justice of Quebec from 1904 until his retirement in 1906.
He was probably better known as a poet than as a judge, and it was natural that
the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, should turn
to him to write the words of an hymn for the great "Congrès national des
Canadiens-Français" in 1880. His poem "O Canada!" was widely
praised on its first presentation.
Sir Adolphe was made a knight of the The Most Honourable Order of the Bath in
1911. He was a founding member of the Royal Society of Canada, and was president
of that society from 1914-1915.
Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier died on June 27, 1920, at Saint-Irenée-des-Bains,
Quebec.
The
Honourable Robert Stanley Weir
Robert Stanley Weir (1856-1926) was born in Hamilton, in what was then Canada
West. He took all his higher education in Montreal, and was qualified for both
teaching and the law. He chose law and rose rapidly in the profession, becoming
in due course, like Routhier, a judge first as Recorder of the City of Montréal
and later to the Exchequer Court of Canada (now the Federal Court of Canada). He
wrote both learned legal works and poetry, and his fame as a writer won him
election as a Fellow of the Royal Society which Routhier had helped found.
Parliamentary
Action
By the time the World War broke out in 1914, "O Canada" was the best
known patriotic song in Canada, edging out "The Maple leaf Forever"
and others less well-known today.
1924
- The association of Canadian Clubs passed a unanimous resolution recommending
the Weir version as suitable for use at Club meetings. Since then the I.O.D.E.
and the Canadian Authors Association have endorsed it and in 1958 the Native
Sons of Canada found in favour of it.
1927
- An official version of "O Canada" was authorized for singing in
Canadian schools and for use at public functions.
1942
- July 27. The Prime Minister, the Right Honourable William Lyon Mackenzie King,
was asked if he did not think this an appropriate time for proclaiming a
national anthem. He replied that "There are times and seasons for all
things and this time of war when there are other more important questions with
which parliament has to deal, we might well continue to follow what has become
the custom in Canada in recent years of regarding "God Save The King"
and "O Canada" each as national anthems and entitled to similar
recognition." He said further that this was his opinion, his government's
opinion and he had no doubt it was the opinion of most people in the country.
Some years later, his successor as Prime Minister, the Right Honourable Louis
St-Laurent made a similar statement.
1964
- A government resolution authorized the formation of a special joint committee
to consider the status of "God Save The Queen" and "O
Canada".
1966
- January 31. The Prime Minister, the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson, placed
a notice of motion on the order paper "That the government be authorized to
take such steps as may be necessary to provide that "O Canada" shall
be the National Anthem of Canada while "God Save The Queen" shall be
the Royal Anthem of Canada.
1967
- March 15. The special joint committee "unanimously recommends that the
government be authorized to adopt forthwith the music for "O Canada"
composed by Calixa Lavallée as the music of the National Anthem of Canada with
the following notation added to the sheet music: With dignity, not too slowly.
"God Save The Queen" was found to be in the public domain as the Royal
Anthem of Canada, but for "O Canada" the committee deemed it
"essential to take such steps as necessary to appropriate the copyright to
the music providing that it shall belong to Her Majesty in right of Canada for
all time. This provision would also include that no other person shall be
entitled to copyright in the music or any arrangements or adaptations
thereof."
The committee recommended further study of the lyrics. It suggested keeping the
original French version and using the Weir English version with minor changes -
that is replacing two of the "Stand on guard" phrases with "From
far and wide" and "God keep our land".
There was no trouble with the music copyright which had by now descended to
Gordon V. Thompson. They were willing to sell for $1, but the heirs of Judge
Weir objected to the changes in the original version. Since Judge Weir died in
1926, the Weir version would not come into public domain until 1976. There was
some doubt that the Weir family had legal grounds for objection since Thompson's
apparently held copyright on both music and English words. However the committee
preferred to settle the matter amicably if at all possible. The Government
acquired the rights from G.V. Thompson in 1970.
The
version recommended by the committee:
"
O Canada! our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee."
1972
- February 28 - The Secretary of State of Canada, the Honourable Gérard
Pelletier, presented a bill in the House of Commons proposing the adoption of
"O Canada" as the National Anthem of Canada. The recommendations of
the 1967 study in Parliament are incorporated in the bill, which did not receive
further study in Parliament and died on the order paper. The same legislation
was reintroduced by Mr. Pelletier's successors at further sessions of
Parliament; no action was ever taken.
1980
- June 18 - The Secretary of State of Canada, the Honourable Francis Fox,
presented a bill, similar to previously presented bills on "O Canada",
fulfilling a promise made earlier in the House that "O Canada" be
proclaimed as Canada's national anthem as soon as possible in this year of the
centenary of the first rendition. The bill was unanimously accepted by the House
of Commons and the Senate on June 27; Royal assent was given the same day.
July
1 - The Governor General, His Excellency the Right Honourable Edward Schreyer,
proclaimed the Act respecting the National Anthem of Canada, thus making "O
Canada" an official symbol of the country. A public ceremony was held at
noon on Parliament Hill in front of thousands of Canadians. Descendants of Weir
and Routhier were on the official platform, as well as the successor of
Robitaille, the Honourable Jean-Pierre Côté.
Original
Poem by Weir
Originally "O Canada" was a patriotic poem by Sir Adolphe-Basile
Routhier, a Quebec judge. Calixa Lavallée, the well-known Canadian composer,
was commissioned to set it to music, and it was first sung in 1880 during a
national convention of French Canadians in Quebec City. Many English versions
have appeared, but the one which was widely accepted was written in 1908 by
another judge, R. Stanley Weir, in honour of the 300th anniversary of the
founding of Quebec City. It was amended in 1913, 1914 and 1916 and published in
an official form at the time of the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927 and
during the Royal visit of 1939. A slightly modified version of the first verse
of Weir's poem was proclaimed as Canada's national anthem in 1980.
The
original poem of 1908 by Stanley Weir reads as follows:
"O
Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love thou dost in us command.
We see thee rising fair, dear land,
The True North, strong and free;
And stand on guard, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
Refrain
O Canada! O Canada!
O Canada! We stand on guard for thee.
O Canada! We stand on guard for thee.
O
Canada! Where pines and maples grow.
Great prairies spread and lordly rivers flow.
How dear to us thy broad domain,
From East to Western Sea,
Thou land of hope for all who toil!
Thou True North, strong and free!
Refrain
O Canada! O Canada! etc.
O
Canada! Beneath thy shining skies
May stalwart sons and gentle maidens rise,
To keep thee steadfast through the years
From East to Western Sea,
Our own beloved native land!
Our True North, strong and free!
Refrain
O Canada! O Canada! etc.
Ruler
supreme, who hearest humble prayer,
Hold our dominion within thy loving care;
Help us to find, O God, in thee
A lasting, rich reward,
As waiting for the Better Day,
We ever stand on guard.
Refrain
O Canada! O Canada! etc."
English
Translation of the French Version of the National Anthem
O
Canada! Land of our forefathers
Thy brow is wreathed with a glorious garland of flowers.
As in thy arm ready to wield the sword,
So also is it ready to carry the cross.
Thy history is an epic of the most brilliant exploits.
Ch.
Thy valour steeped in faith
Will protect our homes and our rights
Will protect our homes and our rights.
Music
and Lyrics
As the National Anthem Act only sets the melody for the anthem, musicians are
free to arrange the score to suit their requirements.
There is no copyright on the melody and the words of the national anthem, the
Act having declared them to be in the public domain. It is possible, however, to
copyright the arrangements made to the melody.
It is possible to translate the words of the national anthem in languages other
than English or French; it should be kept in mind, however, that this translated
version will not have an official status.
Playing
of Anthems at Events
There is no specific rule as to when it is appropriate to sing the national
anthem at an event. It is up to the organizers to determine if "O
Canada" will be sung at the beginning or at the end of a ceremony. If two
anthems are to be played at the beginning of an event, "O Canada"
should be played first followed by the other one. When anthems are played at the
end of an event, "O Canada" should be played last.
Etiquette
during the playing of the Canadian National Anthem
As a matter of respect and tradition, it is proper to stand for the playing of
"O Canada" as well as for the anthem of any other nation.
It is traditional for civilian men to take off their hats during the playing of
the national anthem. Women as well as children do not remove their hats on such
occasions.
There is no law or behaviour governing the playing of the national anthem; it is
left to the good citizenship of individuals.
Commercial
Use
"O Canada" and "God Save The Queen" are in the public domain
and may be used without having to obtain permission from the Government.
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